If a premises has any form of mains water supply, including a back-up supply, then the water fittings regulations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, byelaws in Scotland, apply.
These legal requirements play an important role in protecting public health and safeguarding water supplies. Their purpose includes preventing the contamination and waste of water supplied by a water undertaker once it has entered a customer’s plumbing system.
Where mains water and other water sources, such as rainwater, recycled water, river water and borehole supplies, combine to ensure adequate backflow protection arrangements are installed it is essential to notify the relevant water undertaker .
Alternative water supplies should never be directly connected to the mains drinking water. The only legal and safe way to combine mains and another source of water is to use an arrangement called a break tank which enables separation of supplies. Typically, this is done using a Type AA (as shown below) or Type AB air gap the key features being:
An unrestricted or weir spill over
The pipework supplying the mains water must be external to the tank
The mains water feed must discharge at a higher level than and maintain a minimum clearance (twice the internal diameter (2D) of the supply pipework or 20 mm whichever is the greater) from those supplying water from other sources
The water in the tank should not come into contact with the mains water inlet for example as a result of splashing.
Alternative water supplies should never be directly connected to the mains drinking water and owners/occupiers should always ensure the local water undertaker is aware if a premises has both a mains drinking water and alternative water supply, such as a borehole or rainwater.
Where mains water and other water sources, such as rainwater, recycled water, river water and borehole supplies, combine it is essential to notify the relevant water undertaker to ensure adequate backflow protection arrangements are installed.
The only legal and safe way to combine mains and another source of water is to use an arrangement called a break tank which enables separation of supplies. Typically, this is done using a Type AA or Type AB air gap the key features being:
An unrestricted or weir spill over
The pipework supplying the mains water must be external to the tank
The mains water feed must discharge at a higher level than and maintain a minimum clearance (twice the internal diameter (2D) of the supply pipework or 20 mm whichever is the greater) from those another sources
The water in the tank should not come into contact with the mains water inlet for example as a result of splashing.
A Type AB air gap is a non-mechanical backflow prevention arrangement comprising of an inlet which discharges water into a cistern, vessel, fitting or appliance (receiving vessel) fitted with an outlet and a rectangular weir or ‘slot’ overflow. Depending on the outcome of an assessment by the local water undertaker it can feed a single or multiple installations.
A Type AB air gap is rated by the Regulators as suitable backflow protection against both back siphonage and back pressure at the highest level of contamination risk, fluid category 5.
A summary of some of the key requirements applicable to a Type AB air gap is given below:
The air gap is an unobstructed and complete physical break between the lowest point of discharge and the critical water level of the weir overflow. Measured vertically it must be no less than 20 mm or twice the internal diameter of the supply whichever is the greater.
The critical level (sometimes referred to as h) is the fluid level in the receiving vessel under fault conditions i.e. when the outlet is closed but the inlet continues to discharge. It is measured at least 2 seconds after closing the water inlet
Whether sited internally or externally (as shown in the diagram opposite) the weir overflow must be rectangular (non-circular) and capable of accommodating discharge under fault conditions. Where a screened mesh is installed consideration should be given to the impact this may have on discharge flow. The air gap can be confirmed by test or calculation using the Type AB air gap calculator.
Neither the fluid pathway to the overflow nor the discharge from it should be restricted. For example, there should be a sufficient gap between the overflow and any surface to accommodate full discharge unimpeded during fault conditions.
Submerged supply pipes are not permitted. If the supply pipe feeding the inlet or the inlet itself comes into contact with the contents of the receiving vessel, for example due to splashing or foaming, then the air gap is considered to be compromised and must be increased to the point no contact occurs.
Type AB air gap installations, including screened mesh, should be inspected, cleaned and as necessary maintained every 6 months (BS EN 806: 5)
Regulations & Byelaws which apply include but are not limited to:
Relevant guidance includes but is not limited to:
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